7.2 凹凸纹理

使用法线

• 高度图

  存储的是强度值，用来表现模型表面的海拔高度，颜色越浅越向外凸，颜色越深则相反，好处是非常直观，缺点是计算复杂

  想要和法线一样使用：纹理类型设置为normal map,勾选create from Grayscale

  • Bumpiness:控制凹凸程度
  • Filtering:法线的纹理平滑或者尖锐

• 法线纹理

  • 法线的范围在[-1,1],像素范围在[0,1],所以在制作法线贴图时，需要把法线映射到像素，在使用法线贴图时，需要把像素映射回法线。

  • 模型空间的法线纹理：即模型空间的表面法线

    优点：简单直观，可以提供平滑的边界。

    缺点：自由度低

  • 切线空间的法线纹理：每个顶点的法线方向为z轴，x轴是切线方向，y轴则是两个方向叉积的方向（副切线）

    优点：可以用于其他模型做效果，可以移动uv制作效果，可以重复用uv,可以压缩。

    缺点：边缘处容易有缝合迹象

在切线空间下计算：效率高

// Upgrade NOTE: replaced 'mul(UNITY_MATRIX_MVP,*)' with 'UnityObjectToClipPos(*)'

Shader "Unity Shaders Book/Chapter 7/Normal Map In Tangent Space" {
	Properties {
		_Color ("Color Tint", Color) = (1, 1, 1, 1)
		_MainTex ("Main Tex", 2D) = "white" {}
		//导入法线纹理
		_BumpMap ("Normal Map", 2D) = "bump" {}
		//设置法线强度
		_BumpScale ("Bump Scale", Float) = 1.0
		_Specular ("Specular", Color) = (1, 1, 1, 1)
		_Gloss ("Gloss", Range(8.0, 256)) = 20
	}
	SubShader {
		Pass { 
			Tags { "LightMode"="ForwardBase" }
		
			CGPROGRAM
			
			#pragma vertex vert
			#pragma fragment frag
			
			#include "Lighting.cginc"
			
			fixed4 _Color;
			sampler2D _MainTex;
			float4 _MainTex_ST;
			//法线和法线强度
			sampler2D _BumpMap;
			float4 _BumpMap_ST;

			float _BumpScale;
			fixed4 _Specular;
			float _Gloss;
			
			struct a2v {
				float4 vertex : POSITION;
				float3 normal : NORMAL;
				//需要传入切线，用来计算，第四个参数用来确定切线的方向
				float4 tangent : TANGENT;
				float4 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
			};
			
			struct v2f {
				float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
				float4 uv : TEXCOORD0;
				float3 lightDir: TEXCOORD1;
				float3 viewDir : TEXCOORD2;
			};

			// Unity doesn't support the 'inverse' function in native shader
			// so we write one by our own
			// Note: this function is just a demonstration, not too confident on the math or the speed
			// Reference: http://answers.unity3d.com/questions/218333/shader-inversefloat4x4-function.html
			float4x4 inverse(float4x4 input) {
				#define minor(a,b,c) determinant(float3x3(input.a, input.b, input.c))
				
				float4x4 cofactors = float4x4(
				     minor(_22_23_24, _32_33_34, _42_43_44), 
				    -minor(_21_23_24, _31_33_34, _41_43_44),
				     minor(_21_22_24, _31_32_34, _41_42_44),
				    -minor(_21_22_23, _31_32_33, _41_42_43),
				    
				    -minor(_12_13_14, _32_33_34, _42_43_44),
				     minor(_11_13_14, _31_33_34, _41_43_44),
				    -minor(_11_12_14, _31_32_34, _41_42_44),
				     minor(_11_12_13, _31_32_33, _41_42_43),
				    
				     minor(_12_13_14, _22_23_24, _42_43_44),
				    -minor(_11_13_14, _21_23_24, _41_43_44),
				     minor(_11_12_14, _21_22_24, _41_42_44),
				    -minor(_11_12_13, _21_22_23, _41_42_43),
				    
				    -minor(_12_13_14, _22_23_24, _32_33_34),
				     minor(_11_13_14, _21_23_24, _31_33_34),
				    -minor(_11_12_14, _21_22_24, _31_32_34),
				     minor(_11_12_13, _21_22_23, _31_32_33)
				);
				#undef minor
				return transpose(cofactors) / determinant(input);
			}

			v2f vert(a2v v) {
				v2f o;
				o.pos = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);
				
				o.uv.xy = v.texcoord.xy * _MainTex_ST.xy + _MainTex_ST.zw;
				o.uv.zw = v.texcoord.xy * _BumpMap_ST.xy + _BumpMap_ST.zw;

				///
				/// Note that the code below can handle both uniform and non-uniform scales
				///

				// Construct a matrix that transforms a point/vector from tangent space to world space
				fixed3 worldNormal = UnityObjectToWorldNormal(v.normal);  
				fixed3 worldTangent = UnityObjectToWorldDir(v.tangent.xyz);  
				fixed3 worldBinormal = cross(worldNormal, worldTangent) * v.tangent.w; 

				/*
				float4x4 tangentToWorld = float4x4(worldTangent.x, worldBinormal.x, worldNormal.x, 0.0,
												   worldTangent.y, worldBinormal.y, worldNormal.y, 0.0,
												   worldTangent.z, worldBinormal.z, worldNormal.z, 0.0,
												   0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
				// The matrix that transforms from world space to tangent space is inverse of tangentToWorld
				float3x3 worldToTangent = inverse(tangentToWorld);
				*/
				//wToT = the inverse of tToW = the transpose of tToW as long as tToW is an orthogonal matrix.
				float3x3 worldToTangent = float3x3(worldTangent, worldBinormal, worldNormal);
				//TANGENT_SPACE_ROTATION;列出这个宏，我们可以直接使用rotation,即worldToTangent
				// Transform the light and view dir from world space to tangent space
				o.lightDir = mul(worldToTangent, WorldSpaceLightDir(v.vertex));
				o.viewDir = mul(worldToTangent, WorldSpaceViewDir(v.vertex));

				///
				/// Note that the code below can only handle uniform scales, not including non-uniform scales
				/// 

				// Compute the binormal
//				float3 binormal = cross( normalize(v.normal), normalize(v.tangent.xyz) ) * v.tangent.w;
//				// Construct a matrix which transform vectors from object space to tangent space
//				float3x3 rotation = float3x3(v.tangent.xyz, binormal, v.normal);
				// Or just use the built-in macro
//				TANGENT_SPACE_ROTATION;
//				
//				// Transform the light direction from object space to tangent space
//				o.lightDir = mul(rotation, normalize(ObjSpaceLightDir(v.vertex))).xyz;
//				// Transform the view direction from object space to tangent space
//				o.viewDir = mul(rotation, normalize(ObjSpaceViewDir(v.vertex))).xyz;
				
				return o;
			}
			
			fixed4 frag(v2f i) : SV_Target {				
				fixed3 tangentLightDir = normalize(i.lightDir);
				fixed3 tangentViewDir = normalize(i.viewDir);
				
				// Get the texel in the normal map
				//更据存在uv.zw上的纹理坐标进行采样法线
				fixed4 packedNormal = tex2D(_BumpMap, i.uv.zw);
				fixed3 tangentNormal;
				// If the texture is not marked as "Normal map"
//				tangentNormal.xy = (packedNormal.xy * 2 - 1) * _BumpScale;
//				tangentNormal.z = sqrt(1.0 - saturate(dot(tangentNormal.xy, tangentNormal.xy)));
				
				// Or mark the texture as "Normal map", and use the built-in funciton
				//需要映射回[-1,1]
				tangentNormal = UnpackNormal(packedNormal);
				//z由xy决定，所以xy一定要变成最终结果后再求z
				tangentNormal.xy *= _BumpScale;
				tangentNormal.z = sqrt(1.0 - saturate(dot(tangentNormal.xy, tangentNormal.xy)));
				
				fixed3 albedo = tex2D(_MainTex, i.uv).rgb * _Color.rgb;
				
				fixed3 ambient = UNITY_LIGHTMODEL_AMBIENT.xyz * albedo;
				
				fixed3 diffuse = _LightColor0.rgb * albedo * max(0, dot(tangentNormal, tangentLightDir));

				fixed3 halfDir = normalize(tangentLightDir + tangentViewDir);
				fixed3 specular = _LightColor0.rgb * _Specular.rgb * pow(max(0, dot(tangentNormal, halfDir)), _Gloss);
				
				return fixed4(ambient + diffuse + specular, 1.0);
			}
			
			ENDCG
		}
	} 
	FallBack "Specular"
}